Exploitation serves here as an example of a resentment term (Ressentimentbegriff). The view of the mechanisms of Inclusion/Exclusion (Inklusion/Exklusion) of people in functional systems is rather obscured with such terms.
H: Well, that can easily happen in a Marxist social theory, where it's called late capitalism and impoverishment.
L: Yes, well, but then..., then it's called..., it's about exploitation or something, and then when you go to the favelas, you see that there's nothing to exploit.
L: Yes, I suppose that the mechanisms of Inclusion of people in functional systems are the central problem, so one is capable of law, so one can represent legal positions; then, when one is in the right, enforce what one can already read in Euripides. But then you see that there are people who can't do that at all, or who don't have access to courts at all, and can't imagine that that would be possible. And then you ask yourself, how does this - with a universal inclusion of all persons in the legal system - this de facto exclusion come about? This does not yet provide an explanation, an answer to the question, but that is the question, so to speak, isn't it? It has nothing to do with exploitation.
H: ... but that has to do with a paradoxical structure.
L: Apparently with the tendency that inclusion cannot be had without exclusion. And that a kind of Negative Integration results when you ...
H: Does that mean - excuse me if I understand it very simplistically again - that for a functioning legal system in our hemisphere there must be slums elsewhere in the world?
L: No, I wouldn't actually put it that way. I mean that there is a world legal system, that there is a network of insurance and liability provisions and something like that, and that property is transferable and so on, on the one hand, and the … but that participation in this legal system depends on participation in other functional systems, and if you break out one participation, so to speak, then the interplay collapses. And if that happens at a central point, then there is only negative integration: I don't have an identity card, so I can't apply for social welfare; I can't apply for social welfare, so I can't have an apartment; if I live on the street, I can't send my children to school. Then there is this negative feedback.
You would have to be able to describe that, and that's not justifying it or showing ways to get away from it. So when you take action, you have to have very specific goals and you have to have very specific boundary conditions, you can't do that on the …. We can't improve society, but of course you can see that you mitigate certain exclusions that arise when someone just doesn't have an income or …
H: By what standard, actually? If society itself does not give us a yardstick, where should we get the yardstick to weaken one and strengthen the other?
L: I don't know if I would call it a yardstick, but in any case, the global order is built on functional differentiation, i.e., law, politics, the economy, education, and so on are relatively autonomous subsystems, and it is only in the regionalization of this separation that it is not possible to copy it again in Brazil or in the Soviet Union.
I mean, everything has a historical side. If there is … The actual state of affairs is shaped by a history that cannot be simply ignored in the meaning of a "we'll do it better" policy, and of course a lot of positive possibilities also depend on history. If, for example, you have an economy that is essentially integrated through families, … That's quite unfashionable to begin with, but it's typical of the southern Chinese Hong Kong, Taiwan economy, it's typical of Mexico, it's typical of Brazil, and it can then be described as corrupt.
And it can also be criticized for the inability to initiate significant structural changes in society from there. It can be criticized for the inability of the state to assert itself alongside such an extended family order. But the first thing is, first of all, that it is described and weighted correctly and not preloaded with resentment terms, such as exploitation.
DOT FROM lambda-browsing