A physical system is capable of carrying Information if it has these two counter-factual properties:
1. It *can be set* to any of at least two states. (The flip operation is possible, under the laws of physics.) 2. Each of those states *can be copied*. (The Copy Operation is possible, under the laws of physics.)
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MARLETTO, Chiara, 2021. The science of can and can’t: a physicist’s journey through the land of counterfactuals. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-525-52193-8, p. 84–85.
DOT FROM two-level-diagram