One of the most fundamental prerequisites of communication is that the partners can surprise each other. Only in this way can information be generated in the other.
Information is an intra-systemic event. It arises when one compares a message or input with respect to other possibilities. Information therefore only arises in systems that have a comparison scheme – even if it is only this: "this or something else".
For communication we do not have to assume that both parties use the same comparison scheme. The surprise effect even increases when this is not the case and when we believe that a message means something (or is useful) against the background of other possibilities.
How David Perell writes an essay.
Commonplace books were originally the preserve of male scholars who used them to keep notes as they learned; but gradually their use spread beyond universities and by the 18th century commonplace books were also used by educated women.
Using a Zettelkasten is about optimizing a workflow of learning and producing knowledge. The products are texts, mostly. The categories we deem fit currently are the following:
The Process of Inductive Coding
Dr. Kenneth D. Keele, M.D., F.R.C.P. and the author reconstructed some of Leonardo's descriptions of perspective in order to determine whether these had an experimental basis. It was found that they did. The possibility that they had simply been thought experiments was excluded because some of his claims were so unlikely that they had to be tested in order to make sense. page 
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