Void-Based Reasoning

contains serves as a ground an object a unary operator a binary relation a data structure a transformation pattern

replication provides diversity

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- introduced by Spencer Brown as Crossing and Position - the concretization of the distinction as a container - Truth is existence.

- all forms are containers - boundaries distinguish their contents - contents are inherently independent - logic boundaries are semipermeable - many multidimensional options for representation

- pattern-directed structural transformation - deletion of irrelevant structure rather than collection of facts - depth insensitive operations across boundaries - non-intrusive, query-based identification of valid deletions - proof is reduction of form to void, remaining structure indicates contingency