A browsing context is an Environment in which a Browser displays a Document. In modern browsers, it usually is a tab, but can be a window or even only parts of a page, like a frame or an iframe. mdn
Each browsing context has an origin (that of the active document) and an ordered history of previously displayed documents. Communication between browsing contexts is severely constrained. Between browsing contexts of the same origin, a BroadcastChannel can be opened and used.
See also frameContext (within Frame Integration Promises and About Frame Integrations) – Send Frame Context
See also Lineup Based Signaling, LINEUP graph (within About Frame Plugin, About Frame Source and About Frame Lineup)